Many post-colonial states have to confront numerous jurisdictions, cultural and religious diversity, and states are frequently unable to harmonize struggling factions after independence. This leads to unequal, religious differences in standards that give way to subverting international human rights, particularly for women, and leads to situations that are theoretically unconstitutional, yet still real in democratic states. The multiculturalism-based states also face the problem of equalizing values that emerge out of contradictions between advocates of cultural pluralism and states that are dedicated to guaranteeing constitutional and equitable rights.

The purpose of this article is to clarify the implications of the Universal Civil Code and to put it into line with the introduction in Indonesia and achieve the possible convergence of all civil laws inclusive of religious distinctions as conceived by the Indian Constitution under Art. 44.​

DOI: http://doi.one/10.1732/IJLMH.25977